wp:Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Before 1776, women had a vote in several of the colonies in what would become the United States, but by 1807 every state constitution had denied women even limited suffrage.

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Full women’s suffrage continued in Wyoming after it became a state in 1890. Colorado granted partial voting rights that allowed women to vote in school board elections in 1893 and Idaho granted women suffrage in 1896. Beginning with Washington in 1910, seven more western states passed women’s suffrage legislation, including California in 1911, Oregon, Arizona, and Kansas in 1912, Alaska Territory in 1913, and Montana and Nevada in 1914. All states that were successful in securing full voting rights for women before 1920 were located in the West.[13][25]

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Much of the opposition to the amendment came from Southern Democrats; only two former Confederate states (Texas and Arkansas) and three border states voted for ratification,[42] with Kentucky and West Virginia not doing so until 1920.

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Leser said the amendment “destroyed State autonomy” because it increased Maryland’s electorate without the state’s consent. The Supreme Court answered that the Nineteenth Amendment had similar wording to the Fifteenth Amendment, which had expanded state electorates without regard to race for more than fifty years by that time despite rejection by six states (including Maryland).[94][97]

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After the U.S. presidential election in 1924, politicians realized the women’s bloc they had feared did not actually exist and they did not need to cater to what they considered as “women’s issues” after all.[105] The eventual appearance of an American women’s voting bloc has been tracked to various dates, depending on the source, from the 1950s[106] to 1970.[107] Around 1980, a nationwide gender gap in voting had emerged, with women usually favoring the Democratic candidate in presidential elections.[108]

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On the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, President Donald Trump posthumously pardoned Susan B. Anthony.[146]

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however …,

wp:Emma Goldman

In her essay “Woman Suffrage”, she ridicules the idea that women’s involvement would infuse the democratic state with a more just orientation: “As if women have not sold their votes, as if women politicians cannot be bought!”[182] She agreed with the suffragists’ assertion that women are equal to men but disagreed that their participation alone would make the state more just. “To assume, therefore, that she would succeed in purifying something which is not susceptible of purification, is to credit her with supernatural powers.”[183] Goldman was also critical of Zionism, which she saw as another failed experiment in state control.[184]